A Brain Changing Through Life

Sources and credits for imagery used in this film, including material incorporated into explanatory animations.

• Mouse radial glial cell reconstruction, Taverna2016 Figure2A

  Elena Taverna, Felipe Mora-Bermudez, Paulina J. Strzyz, Marta Florio, Jaroslav Icha, Christiane Haffner, Caren Norden, Michaela Wilsch-Brauninger, Wieland B. Huttner

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY4.0

  Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

• Sleep Hypnogram

  RazerM

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

• Human brain charts, Figure1

  Richard A. I. Bethlehem, Jakob Seidlitz, Simon R. White and coauthors

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY4.0

  Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

Research references

Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.

1. primary DOI ↗
2. Wilson/McNaughton PDF ↗
3. Staresina 2023 ↗
4. Rakic 1972 ↗
5. human scaffold study ↗
6. Petanjek 2011 ↗
7. Hubel/Wiesel 1970 ↗
8. PEDIG 2005 ↗
9. primary PDF ↗
10. NIA ↗
11. Seattle analysis ↗
12. 2025 perspective ↗
13. regional histology ↗
14. Dumitru 2025 ↗
15. Disouky 2026 ↗
16. Xie 2013 ↗
17. Miao 2024 ↗
18. Hauglund 2025 ↗
19. 5:38 SuperAgers film ↗
20. research lecture ↗
21. Nitramus's hypnogram ↗
22. terms ↗
23. https://tu-dresden.de/mn/psychologie/allgpsy/ressourcen/dateien/mitarbeiter/ruge-ordner/dat/lehr/rasch2007.pdf ↗
24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00746-8 ↗
25. https://www.krigolsonteaching.com/uploads/4/3/8/4/43848243/walker_2002.pdf ↗
26. https://sc-pan.github.io/pdf/PR_2015.pdf ↗
27. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8036517 ↗
28. https://news.mit.edu/1994/rats-0817 ↗
29. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13059829/ ↗
30. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12324248/ ↗
31. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/sleep/conditioninfo/causes ↗
32. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/sleep/conditioninfo/what-happens ↗
33. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep/stages-of-sleep ↗
34. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2025-05/understanding-sleep.pdf ↗
35. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.101992 ↗
36. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12507438/ ↗
37. https://elifesciences.org/articles/101992v1 ↗
38. https://www.scienceintheclassroom.org/sites/default/files/research-papers/sleep_drives_metabolite_clearance_from_the_adult_brain.pdf ↗
39. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11156584/ ↗
40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38741022/ ↗
41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01698-0 ↗
42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.11.027 ↗
43. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12847902/ ↗
44. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01897-3 ↗
45. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340669/ ↗
46. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5371406/ ↗
47. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.10100 ↗
48. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631741/ ↗
49. https://www.brainspan.org/static/atlas ↗
50. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1105108108 ↗
51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(79)90349-4 ↗
52. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1963.26.6.1003 ↗
53. https://cw.fel.cvut.cz/b221/_media/courses/a6m33ksy/hubel-wiesel-1964-kittens.pdf ↗
54. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00061.2008 ↗
55. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009022 ↗
56. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3528177/ ↗
57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 ↗
58. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.123.4.437 ↗
59. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y ↗
60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10454-2 ↗
61. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13391363/ ↗
62. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10693-3 ↗
63. https://www.brainchart.io/ ↗
64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25975 ↗
65. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6179355/ ↗
66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29625071/ ↗
67. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5957089/ ↗
68. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adu9575 ↗
69. https://news.ki.se/new-research-confirms-that-neurons-form-in-the-adult-brain ↗
70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10169-4 ↗
71. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6800191/ ↗
72. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4441622/ ↗
73. https://d2dg4e62b1gc8m.cloudfront.net/pub_pdfs/HartshorneGermine2015.pdf ↗
74. https://sls.psychiatry.uw.edu/about-sls/ ↗
75. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3607395/ ↗
76. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3134559/ ↗
77. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae412 ↗
78. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11653079/ ↗
79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.10.019 ↗
80. https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2025/08/what-makes-a-superager ↗
81. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4308613/ ↗
82. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3541673/ ↗
83. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5801202/ ↗
84. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ckph3npx ↗
85. https://www.mncn.csic.es/en/colecciones/documentacion/legado-cajal ↗
86. https://journals.physiology.org/permissions ↗
87. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ↗
88. https://alleninstitute.org/legal/citation-policy ↗
89. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/publications/publications-help ↗
90. https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/policies ↗
91. https://www.nia.nih.gov/newsroom/media-frequently-asked-questions ↗
92. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sleep_Hypnogram.svg ↗
93. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TH4LjvqnAw: ↗
94. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceCnHMUzASQ: ↗
95. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAglYDjUWPc ↗
96. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5pN8ZRFd4E: ↗
97. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nd5UUt7HLUs ↗
98. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUvEwg502LU ↗
99. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx8TtHQLQ9g ↗
100. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00429-024-02838-9 ↗
101. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00429-022-02606-7 ↗