Chapter 3 · 15 min

The Living Tissue

Chapter 3 of How the Brain Works: The Living Tissue.

How the Brain Works | Ch 3 Part 1/2: The Living Tissue ↗How the Brain Works | Ch 3 Part 2/2: The Living Tissue ↗

Visual credits

7 sources

Sources and credits for imagery used in this film, including material incorporated into explanatory animations.

  • American lobster, Homarus americanus in Newfoundland, Canada (21184223265)

    Derek Keats from Johannesburg, South Africa

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

  • Astrocytes Wrapping around Blood Vessel

    Kimberly A Spurgeon

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

  • Oligodendrocytes and myelin, upper Figure 1A region

    Jean-Philippe Michalski and Rashmi Kothary

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

  • Myelinated neuron

    Roadnottaken; Trinity College Electron Microscopy Facility

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

  • Fluorescently Labeled Microglia in a Coronal Brain Section from a C57 Mouse

    Syed07

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

  • elife-86749-fig1-video1

    Xiaochun Gu, Zhong Zhao, Xueli Chen, Lifeng Zhang, Huaqiang Fang, Ting Zhao, Shenghong Ju, Weizheng Gao, Xiaoyu Qian, Xianhua Wang, Jue Zhang and Heping Cheng

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

  • Constituents of the BBB in the capillary

    Uemura MT, Maki T, Ihara M, Lee VMY and Trojanowski JQ

    Incorporated into an explanatory animation; presentation may include cropping, labels and overlays.

Animation design references 1 sources

These works informed the design of explanatory animations. A reference listed here is not necessarily reproduced on screen.

Research references

Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.

  1. Original study abstract ↗
  2. Sahara et al. 2012 ↗
  3. Whole-Neuron Synaptic Mapping, Iascone et al. 2020 ↗
  4. Primary RPCH study, DOI 10.1152/jn.00764.2005 ↗
  5. Clements et al. 1992 ↗
  6. Yee et al. 2025, Science ↗
  7. Tyurikova et al. 2025 ↗
  8. Tanaka et al. 1997 ↗
  9. de Ceglia et al. 2023 ↗
  10. Díaz-García et al. 2017 ↗
  11. Nature 485:517–521, DOI 10.1038/nature11007 ↗
  12. Nature 487:443–448, DOI 10.1038/nature11314 ↗
  13. author-hosted full paper ↗
  14. lab-hosted paper ↗
  15. Raichle and Gusnard 2002 ↗
  16. Howarth, Gleeson and Attwell 2012 ↗
  17. Longden et al. 2017 ↗
  18. Daneman et al. 2010 ↗
  19. Azevedo et al. 2009 ↗
  20. Figure 1 video 1 ↗
  21. cortical mm³ dataset ↗
  22. released data and license ↗
  23. Cell Image Library CCDB:3760 ↗
  24. Purves receptor families ↗
  25. Thomson and Destexhe 1999 ↗
  26. Primary report ↗
  27. original study, PMID 1668352 ↗
  28. Chen et al. 2012 ↗
  29. Malouf et al. 1990 ↗
  30. Schneider-Mizell and colleagues, inhibitory connectomic census ↗
  31. Flamm and Harris-Warrick, 1986, part I ↗
  32. Part II ↗
  33. Johnson and Harris-Warrick, 1990 ↗
  34. Johnson et al., Differential Modulation of Synaptic Strength and Timing, 2011 ↗
  35. 2012 synthesis ↗
  36. Schultz, Dayan and Montague 1997, author-hosted paper ↗
  37. Schultz 1998 ↗
  38. Foote, Freedman and Oliver 1975 ↗
  39. Gaucher and Edeline 2015 ↗
  40. 2024 LC optogenetic/fMRI study ↗
  41. Part 2: Neuromodulation ↗
  42. Benardo 1994 ↗
  43. Rice and Cragg 2008 ↗
  44. Courtney and Ford 2014 ↗
  45. Diamond and Jahr 1997 ↗
  46. cell-specific knockout work, 2015 ↗
  47. Mathiisen et al. 2010 ↗
  48. Syková and Nicholson 2008 ↗
  49. Kinney et al. 2013 ↗
  50. paper record ↗
  51. Fiacco and McCarthy ↗
  52. Savtchouk and Volterra ↗
  53. 2024 primary optogenetic study, PMID 39578520 ↗
  54. Astrocytic PI3Kα controls synaptic plasticity and cognitive function via serine metabolism ↗
  55. Purves, Neuroglial Cells ↗
  56. author-hosted manuscript ↗
  57. Motor skill learning requires active central myelination ↗
  58. Original supplementary materials ↗
  59. Xiao et al. ↗
  60. PMC3528177 ↗
  61. Stevens et al. 2007 ↗
  62. Wake et al. 2009 ↗
  63. Mergenthaler et al. 2013 ↗
  64. Attwell and Laughlin 2001 ↗
  65. PMC3390818 ↗
  66. Hall et al. 2014 ↗
  67. Hill et al. 2015 ↗
  68. Hartmann et al. 2021 ↗
  69. neurovascular narrative review ↗
  70. Daneman and Prat 2015 ↗
  71. Logothetis et al. 2001 ↗
  72. copy of the primary paper ↗
  73. original isotropic-fractionator method, Herculano-Houzel and Lent 2005 ↗
  74. Bahney and von Bartheld's validation ↗
  75. von Bartheld, Bahney and Herculano-Houzel 2016 ↗
  76. Siletti et al. 2023 ↗
  77. full-text record ↗
  78. eLife article 86749 ↗
  79. Oligodendrocytes and myelin ↗
  80. Cancer borealis photograph ↗
  81. Myelinated neuron ↗
  82. terms ↗
  83. citation policy ↗
  84. H01 landing page ↗
  85. Neurons and oligodendrocytes, e2x5n8uf ↗
  86. Synapses in culture, item 3399 ↗
  87. Rat Hippocampus, item 3308 ↗
  88. Gallery policy ↗
  89. SynapseWeb ↗
  90. shared data ↗
  91. general terms ↗
  92. Janelia exhibition archive ↗
  93. histological drawings discussion ↗
  94. publisher article ↗
  95. publisher XML ↗

How this film was made

Created and editorially directed by Anders Lunde using a custom production system developed over six months. AI assists research, drafting, programming, and visual production; I review and edit the material and make the final editorial decisions. Narration uses text-to-speech. Visuals combine custom-built scientific animations, AI-generated reconstructions, and credited scientific imagery.

Generated reconstructions illustrate scientific interpretations. They are distinct from photographs, specimens, and measured data.

More about the creator and production →